NEW DELHI (Reuters) – A government crackdown on Muslim-dominated abattoirs and the trade of cattle dragged down India’s exports of leather shoes by more than 13 percent in June, as leading global brands turned to China, Bangladesh, Indonesia and Pakistan to secure supplies.
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Each year, the Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation recognizes research excellence with a set of three awards given for major advances in the “understanding, diagnosis, treatment, cure or prevention of human disease.” This year’s awards were given for Basic Medical Research, Clinical Medical Research and Public Service.
The Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award was given to Michael N. Hall for discovery of and investigations into “nutrient-activated TOR proteins and their central role in the metabolic control of cell growth.” TOR (Target of Rapamycin) is a highly conserved protein and a central regulator through its role as a nutrient sensor, coupling nutrient availability to protein synthesis and cell growth. A critical signaling protein, TOR forms multiprotein associations that function as distinct clusters, either as TORC1 (TOR Complex 1) or TORC2 (TOR Complex 2), depending upon those additional proteins. In their 2007 PLOS ONE article, Hall and colleagues identified novel TOR interacting proteins specific for each complex, investigating the role of phosphorylation and complex function for each. More recently, work from the Hall group published in PLOS Genetics demonstrated a role for TORC1 in bone formation and, in yeast cells, characterized the signaling state of the TORC1 complex with the use of antibody tools.
The Lasker~DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award was jointly awarded to John Schiller and Douglas Lowy for their collaborative efforts, innovations and ”technological advances that enabled development of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines for prevention of cervical cancer and other tumors caused by human papillomaviruses.” Papillomavirus infection on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals can cause benign warts (papillomas) or malignancies, especially anogenital carcinomas, and in genetically predisposed or immunocompromised individuals can cause skin cancer. Development of safe and effective vaccines has potential to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer and other malignancies resulting from HPV.
Schiller and Lowry collaborated on three articles published with PLOS. In the early days of PLOS Pathogens, they demonstrated that carrageenan, a sulfated polysaccharide extracted from red algae, was an extremely potent infection inhibitor for sexually transmitted genital HPVs. Their most recent joint publication (also in PLOS Pathogens) investigates papillomavirus in various mouse models, to gain insights into immune system influences on infection progression in humans. These articles, together with results of a clinical trial of bivalent HPV vaccination have received nearly 83,000 views. For further reading in PLOS journals, view Schiller’s and Lowy’s publication lists.
The Lasker~Bloomberg Public Service Award alternates years with the Lasker~Koshland Special Achievement Award in Medical Science. For more on this year’s Public Service Award, given to Planned Parenthood Federation of America, check back next week for our interview with Chair of the Jury Alfred Sommer.
In publishing their work Open Access, these outstanding scientists and citizens advance medicine, public health and basic research for the benefit of all. PLOS celebrates their work and dedication.
Image Credit: Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation
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Today Creative Commons published a policy analysis covering several copyright-related issues presented in the draft intellectual property chapter of EU-Mercosur free trade agreement. We examine issues that would be detrimental to the public domain, creativity and sharing, and user rights in the digital age. [The policy paper is also available in Spanish and Portuguese.]
The European Union (EU) and the Latin American sub-regional bloc consisting of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay (Mercosur) have been negotiating a free trade agreement (FTA) since 2000. The EU-Mercosur FTA is expansive, addressing trade in industrial and agricultural goods, potential changes to rules governing small- and medium-sized businesses as well as government procurement, and intellectual property provisions such as copyrights and patents. The EU-Mercosur FTA negotiations continue during a time when several of the affected countries—including Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and even the EU—are involved in a review of their own copyright rules.
Only a few chapters of the draft EU-Mercosur FTA have been made available for public inspection. In November 2016 the EU released a draft of the chapter dealing with intellectual property, which is the most recent publicly available version. Civil society organisations and the public are typically excluded from participating in—or even observing—the negotiation meetings.
The EU-Mercosur FTA negotiations take place in an environment where an increasing level of copyright policy is being constructed through multilateral trade agreements. There are several current negotiations underway, including the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and the renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
Each of these agreements include provisions regulating intellectual property, and the recent negotiation of these trade pacts shows that when copyright is put on the table, there’s a significant push to drastically increase enforcement measures for rights holders, lengthen copyright terms, and demand harsh infringement penalties. While the demands of rights holders are fully addressed, there’s little consideration given to the rights of the public. Limitations and exceptions to copyright are downplayed, or not present at all. In the text we see the invisible (and powerful) hand of the EU, which wishes to export the intellectual property provisions most beneficial to rightsholders (such as harmonized longer terms), but only wants to permit the absolute minimum when it comes to limitations and exceptions (such as only temporary copying).
Read our extended policy paper here. The text is also available in Spanish and Portuguese.
The post EU-Mercosur Trade Agreement Would Harm User Rights and the Commons appeared first on Creative Commons.
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The Free Software Foundation Europe and a broad group of organisations including Creative Commons are supporting the Public Money, Public Code campaign. The initiative calls for the adoption of policies that require that software paid for by the public be made broadly available as Free and Open Source Software. Nearly 40 organisations and over 6200 individuals have already supported this action by signing the open letter. You can sign it too.
We know that publicly funded educational materials and scientific research should be made available under open licenses for maximum access and reuse by everyone.
The same goes for the digital infrastructure of publicly-funded software. Unfortunately, governments around the world tend to procure mostly proprietary software, and the restrictive licenses that come with it limits our rights as citizens to use (and improve) these tools funded through the public purse and developed for the public good.
Make your voice heard today. The campaign organiser will deliver the signatures to European representatives who are debating software freedom in public administration.
Public Money? Public Code! from Free Software Foundation Europe on Vimeo.
The post Sign the Petition: Public Money Should Produce Public Code appeared first on Creative Commons.
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In June we asked the European Parliament to redouble their efforts to make much-needed improvements to the EU copyright reform. We called on the Parliament to spearhead crucial changes that promote creativity and business opportunities, enable research and education, and protect user rights in the digital market.
Despite this strong ask, the direction of the copyright reform is getting worse, not better.
This week Creative Commons and major organisations from the library, research, education, and digital rights community sent a letter to the European Parliament’s Legal Affairs Committee calling on it to protect open access and open science in the context of the Commission’s draft Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market. Additional signatories are encouraged to join the letter.
Of particular concern are two parts of the draft directive: Article 11 (press publisher’s right) and Article 13 (platform content filtering). We believe that these provisions will create burdensome and harmful restrictions on access to scientific research and data, as well as on the fundamental rights of freedom of information, directly contradicting the EU’s own ambitions in the field of Open Access and Open Science.
The press publisher’s right already poses a significant threat to an informed and literate society. Links to news and the use of titles, headlines and fragments of information could now become subject to licensing. The extension of this controversial proposal to cover academic publications, as proposed by the Parliament’s Research Committee, significantly worsens an already bad situation. This type of arrangement is unequivocally harmful to access to scientific and scholarly information—most of which has already been paid for from by the public funds, and whose raison d’être is to be read as widely as possible in order to contribute to the scientific enterprise. It flies in the face of open access publishing, whose authors have chosen to share their research outputs under permissive licenses for the benefit of all. And it directly conflicts with other provisions in the EU’s copyright reform meant to improve research processes and outcomes, such as the mandatory copyright exception for text and data mining.
Article 13 threatens the accessibility of scientific articles, publications and research data made available through over 1250 repositories that European non-profit institutions and academic communities. These repositories, which are essential for Open Access and Science in Europe, are likely to face significant additional operational costs associated with implementing new filtering technology and the legal costs of managing the risks of intermediary liability.
Both Articles 11 and 13 should be removed from the proposal.
Our letter also touches on other important issues such as the exception for text and data mining (Article 3) and the exception for educational purposes (Article 4). We ask the Legal Affairs Committee to improvement these and other Articles so they to provide better support for teaching, learning, and new forms of research.
You can read the full letter below.
Are you interested in receiving updates about our work copyright reform efforts from Creative Commons and our partners in policy? Sign up to our list. We’ll email you no more than once per month!
Open letter to the members of the Legal Affairs Committee in the European Parliament
We represent a large group of European academic, library, education, research and digital rights communities and we are writing to express our alarm at the draft Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market, and in particular at the potential impact of Articles 11 and 13. We are concerned that these provisions will create burdensome and harmful restrictions on access to scientific research and data, as well as on the fundamental rights of freedom of information, directly contradicting the EU’s own ambitions in the field of Open Access and Open Science.
We therefore urge the Legal Affairs Committee to remove Articles 11 and 13 from the draft Directive. Furthermore, the Committee should ensure that Articles 3 to 9 support new forms of research and education and not work against them.
A U-turn on Open Science?
The Ancillary Right – Putting the brakes on knowledge-sharing and building walls around already open publications and data
Filtering obligations – Undermining the foundations of Open Access
Text and Data Mining – The risks to scientific values
Education, preservation and access – An enabling environment for Open Science
We therefore urge the Legal Affairs Committee to remove Articles 11 and 13 from the draft Directive. Furthermore, we ask for the improvement of Articles 3-9 in line with the suggestions put forward by library, educational, research and cultural heritage organisations throughout the parliamentary process to provide better support for teaching, learning, and new forms of research.
The signatories support a balanced copyright law that promotes open access to research articles, publications and data, thereby continuing to contribute to further strengthening Europe’s research outreach and innovative capacity for the benefit of Europe’s research industry, including SMEs and society.
Original signatories
CESAER – Conference of European Schools for Advanced Engineering Education and Research
COAR – Confederation of Open Access Repositories
Commons Network
Communia Association
Creative Commons
C4C – Copyright for Creativity (C4C) Coalition
EBLIDA – European Bureau of Library Information and Documentation Associations
EIFL – Electronic Information for Libraries
EUA – European University Association
Free Knowledge Advocacy Group EU
IFLA – International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions
LIBER – Association of European Research Libraries
RLUK – Research Libraries UK
Science Europe
SPARC Europe
The post European Parliament Must Protect Scientific Research appeared first on Creative Commons.
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In early 2017, the Creative Commons Global Network (CCGN) completed a consultation process of renewing and reorganizing itself to support a strong and growing global movement. The year-long process resulted in the CCGN Global Network Strategy. Part of the new strategy is to establish defined areas of focus, or “platforms,” which will drive CC’s global activities. Platforms are how we organize areas of work for the CC community, where individuals and institutions organize and coordinate themselves across the CC Global Network.
In the spirit of openness and to effectively strategize, these platforms are open to all interested parties working in the platform area and adjacent spaces. That’s why Creative Commons invites you to join the CC Global Network Open Education Platform!
WHY join?
WHO should join?
WHAT are we working on right now?
Joining the CC Open Education Platform is easy and free:
Please join the e-mail list and IM channel, introduce yourself, and we’ll see you at the next meeting!
The post Invitation to Join: CC Open Education Platform appeared first on Creative Commons.
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Eye-Opening Introduction to
ZayKar.com
Multi-Level Affiliate Marketing
Brand this report in pdf format 100% free (or request for personalized android app like this one to be shared on phones) with your own affiliate username and let it work for you 24/7 recruiting new downline affiliates for you, increasing your sponsor commissions and earn dollars while you sleep. Get the tools here: https://zaykar.nikahdating.com/affiliate-branding-software-and-brandable-books/
My Profiles
Your Right
You may sell, give away this book as a gift or bonus or bundle it along with other products.
PLEASE NOTE: If you are sharing with this app, make sure you change the affiliate username to yours. The first reference matters most for you as an affiliate.
Your Special Gift (1)
Table of Contents
“FREE BOOK: The Essential Guide To Reducing Stress With Meditation and Mindfulness. 2
This report include the following sections: 4
Common Misconceptions about internet business 5
1- Need for High Degree and High Level of Literacy. 5
2- Need for Computer Expertise and Internet Professionalism 6
Affiliate Marketing – General Introduction 7
Multi-Level Marketing (MLM) – General Introduction 8
Affiliate Marketing and Multi-level Marketing 9
Introduction to ZayKar.Com Multi-Level Affiliate Program 10
Progressive Retail Commission Based on Referrals 11
Progressive Retail Commission Based on Earnings 12
Sponsor Commission Explained Further 13
Zaykar Affiliate Program Practical Steps 14
Why choosing Zaykar Affiliate Program? 16
More About Browser Cookies (We all need them) 17
Big congratulation to you. You are one of the lucky ones to come across this eye-opening ebook. In less than five minutes you will be discovering some basic secrets of online business success that cost you almost nothing to invest in. What you need are just your internet connection and little time to follow some simple steps. Your office is no more than your phone or your computer.
You would have possibly learnt of affiliate marketing where marketers are paid just only commission on what they sell; and you would also have possibly come across MLM – Multi-Level Marketing where part of a new member’s contribution is used to pay other old members. But you may now want to discover a new easier but lawful and reasonable way of achieving financial success without contributing any amount or incurring any initial cost. No any hidden cost at all.
Your first challenge is to spare some few minutes to go through this little but important report. Now let’s go.
1, Misconception about internet business: This section will demystify the age-long myths commonly associated with making real physical cash online.
2, Introduction to Multi-Level Affiliate Marketing: This section will introduce you to the basic concepts of the easiest way to to achieve success on the internet.
3, Zaykar.com – The affiliate market you can trust: This section highlights why and how you can make profit through Zaykar affiliate system, without spending a dime.
4- Addendum: This includes concepts you should need to understand the system more properly. These are explanations on Browser Cookies and Basic Terms and Definitions
It is always a natural factor that people weave myths and fantasies around new development they are ignorant of. Internet system, as an avenue for making cool but legal money, is often ignorantly seen as a monster by both elites and the common people. The following are some of the misconceptions.
Although internet business, just like any other businesses, may require some little ability in literacy and simple numeracy, it does not necessarily require certificates, diplomas or degrees. The basic requirements to achieve significant success in online business are to understand the system and follow some simple straightforward instructions. As a matter of practical experience, most things you do in internet business are intuitive. No formal training is needed.
Many people, even degree holders in other various fields, are scared of venturing into online businesses just because they think that it requires them to acquire another degree or diploma in computer or internet technology, or high proficiency in website building. Nothing can be farther from truth. The reality is that all these are only needed by website specialists or internet service providers; and never for the marketers who only choose the internet as a platform to promote their goods and services.
Of course, I have come across a lot of people who would not attempt to venture in online business because of the false notion that it demands a huge amount of dollars before you can earn anything online. However the good news is that it is even now easier than ever. Once you are able to connect online with friends, you can certainly earn money. Just as simple as that. Your contacts and groups on whatsapp, Facebook, Twitter, google+ etc. are simply enough for you.
Your Special Gift (2)
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Multi-Level Affiliate Marketing
Affiliate marketing is the revenue sharing between online advertisers (and merchants) and online salespeople. Compensation and pay is based on performance measures, normally in the form of clicks, sales, and registrations.
The advertisers and merchants are normally referred to as affiliate merchants, and publishers or sales people are known as affiliates.
The many benefits of affiliate marketing include the potential for making lots of money. You can automate a lot of the advertising process and receive payment only for desired results, which includes sales, registrations, and clicks.
Even though most merchants will assume some level of risk with fraud, there is still a level of risk involved. Once you know what you’re doing with affiliate marketing, you’ll be on top well before you know it.
Affiliate marketing has been a contributor to the rise of many companies online. When it comes to making money, affiliate marketing is in a league of it’s own. You don’t have to worry about bosses breathing down your neck, and you are in control of everything you do with your company and your website.
Affiliate marketing also gives you the chance to stand behind products you know and love, be offering links and banners to them on your personal website. You’ll receive money for each product purchased that you represent, which is reason enough to participate.
If you’ve been looking for extra money, affiliate marketing is the way to go. You can stick with one merchant or go with as many as you need for your business. Affiliate marketing on the internet is truly becoming more and more popular – making now the time for you to get your foot in the door.
Affiliate marketing can be a great way to earn money. If you have good sales and marketing skills then it can give you the opportunity to out them to good use. You’ll be able to work for yourself and not someone who undervalues and does not appreciate them. One needs to consider affiliate marketing carefully. Make sure you understand your agreement and exactly what you will be paid for. You don’t want to have to go crawling back to your boss begging for your old job back.
Multi-level marketing (MLM), also called pyramid selling, network marketing, and referral marketing, is a business opportunity that enables people to make money outside of a conventional job. Multi-level marketing is a strategy by which a company markets their products through a network of independent distributors, a non-salaried workforce (also called participants, and variously known as “salespeople”, “distributors”, “consultants”, “promoters”, “independent business owners”, etc).
Instead of being paid for the hours they work, each of these MLM distributors are paid on the production of their efforts, usually through a compensation plan. Distributors are able to make money for the sales they personally generate, but also for the sales of the distributors that they recruit.
Organizations often choose the MLM business model as a means to promote a product or service to markets that otherwise would have been unreachable through traditional methods. Most commonly, distributors are encouraged to promote the products and services directly to consumers by means of relationships, referrals, and word-of-mouth marketing.
Affiliate Marketing is a form of performance-based marketing that is commonly confused with multi-level marketing. In this model, a business rewards affiliates for each visitor or customer brought by the affiliate’s own marketing efforts. Unlike MLM, affiliate marketing is tied entirely to the amount of traffic driven and does not offer the opportunity to build a team to increase your income.
Your Special Gift (3)
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ZayKar.Com Affiliate Program
ZayKar.Com is an online digital store that sells various types of information products like ebooks, plugins and other softwares. ZayKar.Com offers affiliate program where others are allowed to promote the site and receive commission both directly for the customers who buy through them, and indirectly for the customers referred by other affiliates introduced by them.
This is the direct commission allocated to affiliates for generating sales. Zaykar.com gives out between 50% and 70% depending on the number of referrals and amount earned. This is further explained below. The marketer will be paid on the number of sales he makes.
As you can see above that the retail commission on our products is initially 50%. To compensate our affiliates further, the retail commission is increased based on the number of the referrals of the affiliate concerned. The more referrals, the more retail commission.
Also to compensate our affiliates further, the retail commission is increased based on the amount earned by the affiliate concerned. The more earnings, the more retail commission.
This is the indirect commission allocated to a marketer for the sales generated by its downline. Zaykar.com gives out 5% on each downline up to 4 levels deep. This is to motivate our affiliates to focus not only on selling but also on persuading, sponsoring and training other affiliates for sales promotion.
The illustration below is with the assumption that each affiliate sponsors only 5 other affiliates, and that each affiliates refers customers who bought only $100 worth of products. Of course, you can sponsor unlimited affiliates.
The affiliate above is allocated 5% commission on all the products brought by the customers referred by his downlines. The amount in blue shows how much the affiliate will earn at each level.
What this means is simply that that an affiliate (Zaynab) is paid for instance 70% commission on products bought by a customer referred by her. This is a direct or retail commission. For example he earns $50 for selling products worth of $100 directly.
The same affiliate (Zaynab) is also paid 5% commission on every product bought by customers referred by other affiliates (Paul) sponsored by affiliate (Zaynab). Therefore if Paul sells $100 worth of products, Paul himself will be paid $50 while Zaynab will be paid $5.
The same affiliate (Zaynab) is also paid 5% commission on every product bought by customers referred by other affiliates (Success) sponsored by affiliate (Paul). In this case Success will be paid 50% commission while 5% commission will be allocated to Zaynab and Paul each.
The same affiliate (Zaynab) is also paid 5% commission on every product bought by customers referred by other affiliates (Thompson) sponsored by affiliate (Success).
In this case Thompson will be paid 50% commission while 5% commission will be allocated to Zaynab, Paul and Success each.
Your first simple step is to register as an affiliate which is 100% free with no hidden cost. Register here now
When an affiliate promotes our products and services he uses a referral URL which typically looks like this:
https://zaykar.nikahdating.com/ref/john/
When a customer clicks this link and lands on our website, the affiliate’s username (john in the example above) is stored in a cookie, within the customer’s browser. If the customer makes a purchase, the affiliate that the customer is tracking is awarded commission on the sale.
You may also add ref/john/ to any page or post and you will be tracked accordingly by just replacing john with your own username e.g. and you will have commission even if the user buys products from other pages. This is great. You may share articles, jokes or even gifts from our site. Once your affiliate username is added to it, you will have commission even if the user buys products from other pages.
https://zaykar.nikahdating.com/product/2-cents-tube-clicks-advanced-edition/ref/john/
https://zaykar.nikahdating.com/affiliate/ref/john/
https://zaykar.nikahdating.com/joke123/ref/john/
VERY IMPORTANT: If you are sharing with this app, make sure you change the affiliate username to yours. The first reference matters most for you as an affiliate.
Affiliate is tracked across all pages of the site.
Since the affiliate’s username is stored in a cookie, the affiliate is tracked across all pages on the site. Once you refer a customer to any page on Zaykar.com, the visitor will be tracked all over the site. The cookie with your Affiliate username on his browser tells us that you referred or invited him.
The cookie’s expiration is lifetime.
Our affiliates can earn commission for the lifetime of a customer. However, a user may clear their browser cookies at any time, in which case the affiliate will no longer be tracked from their browser.
A customer may also use a different browser altogether, in which case also the affiliate is no more tracked. Cookies are only stored in the browser for example Internet Explorer that the customer is using, not in the computer.
If a customer clicks on 2 different affiliate links from 2 different affiliates, the first affiliate link that the customer clicks will store the affiliate’s username in a cookie and it cannot be overridden from the second link unless the cookie expires, or the customer clears their browser cookies and then clicks on the second link.
If a user registers with us, he becomes a customer. Our affiliates earn commission for the lifetime of such customer. Once the customer uses an affiliate’s referral URL they are linked to the affiliate for life, regardless of whether they use another browser or clear their browser cookies.
1- Zaykar.com has varieties of products that will always be of interest to you and will always fit into your scheme and environment.
2- We have high quality, real and viable products that will always be appealing to your contacts, clients or groups.
3- Zaykar has a compensation plan that pays out a residual income and a payout between 50% and 70%. We also have four tier affiliate system in which you are passively rewarded four levels deep on affiliates invited by you. Do not waste your time with programs that do not reward substantially for your efforts.
4- Zaykar.com has plenty of tutorials, tools and resources that can help you grow the business in the shortest possible time. There are good customizable books, websites and articles for you to share on your favorite networks like whatsapp, Facebook, Twitter, Google Plus etc.. You can even brand this particular ebook and start promoting now. Other people will also unconsciously help you in sharing. Your potential profit is inestimable as your promotion becomes viral.
5- Our affiliate system is very intuitive and has a proven system that can allow you to check your performance status: and both your direct and indirect commissions. This is available online for you to check anytime and anywhere.
6- There is no initial or hidden cost before or during the affiliate marketing. Affiliates are not mandated to buy any products or to pay any amount before or after their sales. Instead we provide you with all you need to promote the products.
7- Our system is reasonably flexible. There is is no target or condition for affiliate recruitment. You may choose to sell or invite other affiliates. Both are independent of one another.
8- Our cookies are lifetime. Therefore, on our side, there is no fear of losing your referred customer or sponsored affiliate. Once the customer registers with us, our system links the customer to the referring affiliate, allowing the linked affiliate to receive a commission on all future purchases by the customer
9- Zaykar Affiliate Program is one of the easiest online business to promote. Your affiliate username is your keyword. Just share it attached to any of our site URL on any site, social platforms like whatsapp, Facebook, Twitter etc. or even share it with friends offline with word of mouth. We provide articles, write-ups, gifts, jokes etc for you to share. You may also submit your article of interest to share. Join us today and learn more working strategies.. But please avoid spamming.
10– Conclusively, our affiliates’ complaints, comments, suggestions and questions are promptly attended to through our support system and members’ forum.
A browser cookie (also called web cookie, Internet cookie, HTTP cookie, or simply cookie) is a small piece of data sent from a website and stored on the user’s computer by the user’s web browser while the user is browsing. Cookies were designed to be a reliable mechanism for websites to remember useful information (such as items added in the shopping cart in an online store) or to record the user’s browsing activity (including clicking particular buttons, logging in, or recording which pages were visited in the past). They can also be used to remember arbitrary pieces of information that the user previously entered into form fields such as names, addresses, passwords, and credit card numbers.
Other kinds of cookies perform essential functions in the modern web. Perhaps most importantly, authentication cookies are the most common method used by web servers to know whether the user is logged in or not, and which account they are logged in with. Without such a mechanism, the site would not know whether to send a page containing sensitive information, or require the user to authenticate themselves by logging in. The security of an authentication cookie generally depends on the security of the issuing website and the user’s web browser, and on whether the cookie data is encrypted. Security vulnerabilities may allow a cookie’s data to be read by a hacker, used to gain access to user data, or used to gain access (with the user’s credentials) to the website to which the cookie belongs (see cross-site scripting and cross-site request forgery for examples).
The tracking cookies, and especially third-party tracking cookies, are commonly used as ways to compile long-term records of individuals’ browsing histories – a potential privacy concern that prompted European and U.S. lawmakers to take action in 2011. European law requires that all websites targeting European Union member states gain “informed consent” from users before storing non-essential cookies on their device.
Session cookies last only for as long as a user is on a website; they expire after the browser window is closed or the session times out. Persistent cookies (also known as tracking cookies) remain active for a period of time on a user’s machine and are used whenever the website is accessed. Secure cookies are used when accessing a website via HTTPS and are encrypted for greater safety.
A sponsor introduces new people to the opportunity and enrolls them. This is the act of sponsoring someone. Your sponsor invited you to look at the company, and then you joined. When you invite others, and they join, you will sponsor them into the company, and you will be their sponsor.
The terms representative, affiliate, partner, and associate are often used interchangeably with distributor. When you join a company, you become a distributor, because you distribute the company’s products or services.
A person’s upline is all the distributors directly above you. Your sponsor, your sponsor’s sponsor, and so on.
This is your team, group, or organization. Every distributor that you have sponsored, plus every distributor that your distributors have sponsored, and so on.
Anyone in your company, but not in your upline or downline, is your sideline. This is also referred to as crossline. Your sponsor’s other distributors are your sideline, for example.
This term is generally used to describe your downline. Distributors that you personally sponsor are considered to be on your first level. When your personally sponsored distributors enroll their own distributors, those new distributors are on your second level, and so on.
Distributors on your first level are your frontline distributors.
A leg is part of your downline. Each distributor that you personally sponsored will begin a new leg for you. That distributor’s downline will make up that leg for you.
Refers to how many distributors you personally sponsor onto your first level.
Refers to how many levels down your downline or pay plan goes.
A percentage allotted to a distributor for services rendered that resulted in the facilitation of a sale. This can be calculated based on the dollar amount of the sale or the personal volume in which it generated and will vary from company to company.
The details of how the commission of distributors in a multi-level marketing company will be determined on their personal sales revenue and that of their downline. Also abbreviated as a ‘Comp Plan’, this document also specifies incentives for recruiting, bonus structure, and necessary qualifications for generating income with the company.
An amount of money added to typical commission as a reward for good performance. Many multi-level marketing companies offer bonuses such as electronics, cars, vacations, and even houses for reaching predetermined goals of building their mlm business. The specific qualifications for obtaining a bonus will be detailed within a company’s compensation plan.
The process of taking knowledge from previous experience and showing others how to do the same. Often said to be one of the keys to building a successful multi-level marketing business, it is where a successful distributor teaches a new enrollee how to duplicate their efforts and their success. Distributors are often reminded to “keep it simple” as it is more easily duplicated among their downline.
Proceeds derived from products or services sold. In network marketing, earnings may come from commissions, bonuses, incentives and residual income. Earnings may be based on the compensation plan of a particular network marketing company. This means that earnings may vary depending on the company and the input of the members or entrepreneurs.
Enroll refers to the signing up of new members in the network marketing industry. Leads or prospects who are joining the business typically sign up first before they can be recognized as members or part of the company. Sponsors earn residual commissions out of those enrollments in exchange for goods or services of the MLM business. The new enrollee may go forth and enroll new members under him or her.
Follow-up refers to the process in which a distributor contacts a prospect after the initial meeting or presentation in order to continue interest in the company. The goal of a follow-up is to address any questions or concerns a prospect may have, to re-inform them on the company’s products or services, and to convert prospects into consumers.
Front-line refers to the members in your downline that are personally enrolled by you. Usually you will benefit the most percentage residually from your front-line members. MLM companies generally build their compensation plans to reward you most for obtaining front-line members. In general, front-line members are like any other members of your downline, but closer to you (directly below you) in your genealogy tree.
As the name implies retail commission is the commission allocated to motivate the marketer to generate sales. It is the commission that a marketer will be paid on the number of sales he makes to his customers.
The next component of an MLM compensation plan is the commission that is paid to a marketer for the sales generated by its downline hence it requires the marketer to focus on persuading and generating other sales rep for sales promotion.
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“Once a system is running a certain way it’s hard to change course.”—Richard Harris, award-winning science correspondent for National Public Radio
Scientists, publishers, journalists and the public talk of the problem of reproducibility in experimental science. There are committees, symposia, peer-reviewed articles, blogs and opinion pieces documenting the issue and exploring remedies to the challenge of reproducibility. NPR science correspondent Richard Harris takes this societal challenge one step further in his book with a title that in no uncertain terms calls attention to the root cause of the reproducibility challenge—Rigor Mortis: How Sloppy Science Creates Worthless Cures, Crushes Hope and Wastes Billions.
PLOS interviewed Harris about the lack of rigor in experimental research that he describes in his book, and from a discussion that covered materials standards, publishing fewer papers with greater confidence, text and data mining and the cultural shift required to improve the rigor in science, one unifying theme emerged—tension. Tension between evaluation and culture, hands-on training and coursework, between making work public and ensuring its reliability, and between responsible reporting and satisfying the needs of a news organization.
These lines of tension contribute to the current structural rigidity in the culture of science that, according to Harris, make scientific rigor a difficult challenge to address. As he delved into biomedical sciences in 2014 after nearly a decade reporting on climate change and the environment, Harris took a broad look at the state of the research enterprise and asked, what are the consequences of limited funds on the structural influences supporting the current state of academic biomedical research?
The biggest obstacles influencing rigor, according to Harris, are the “underlying cultural issues” that confront science. He cites the financial crunch, career pressures and the hyper competitiveness of science, particularly in biomedical sciences, as examples. These are, he thinks, also the hardest problems to solve. “Even if you poured huge amounts of new money into biomedical research this problem would not go away quickly. It’s changing a mindset.” Fundamentally the “incentives are misaligned,” says Harris, to reward numbers of papers and how many of them are published in high profile journals, rather than “careful work where one is highly confident in results.”
On the point of experimental responsibility, Harris’ book follows a path of practical recommendations to improve scientific rigor, including:
During his research for the book, Harris was quite surprised to find out how little formal training there is in experimental methodology, particularly in biomedical research. He did note, however, that NIH is now funding attempts to develop curriculum, following an unsuccessful search to find the best training courses in the country to replicate. There is “huge room for improvement” in this area, he says, but how to integrate this into a training program? Changing a system that’s already in place to accommodate that is difficult, especially without reward and recognition for faculty teaching those courses. “Should it start more robustly at the end of the undergrad career?” One potential solution discussed during the interview is for post-docs to teach these courses to incoming graduate students, as part of a summer or first-quarter orientation program.
Steps can be taken to improve the situation. For example, researchers with grants from the National Institutes of Health are required to authenticate the cell lines used in their work. “There’s no simple solution to be imposed from top down, it needs to also work bottom up,” says Harris when considering what key additional recommendations the community might consider. “Young scientists are more open to sharing and that leads to transparency, that helps solve some of the issues.” It’s not a silver bullet but it improves things if people can put their data out there, he says. Increased sharing and transparency addresses a number of these issues, and “to the extent that the culture of the young scientist is open to that, that’s great. Although it’s hard for them to change the culture, but over time this can help.”
A “more nimble publication system might encourage scientists to publish confirmatory or negative results,” Harris states. When asked specifically about the role of preprints and alternative forms of science communication, he acknowledges that experiments in openness and transparency are interesting although it’s unclear how successful they will be. Will that additional literature be less reliable, he wonders? “It’s the job of the entire community, not simply the scientist who makes a claim, to figure out what’s right and what’s wrong,” he says, when discussing the viable options of prepublication sharing of work and use of blogs and commenting as forums for peer review. However, as a science journalist, he ponders: “Do we want more literature out there or do we want more strict checks and less literature? Personally, I would like to see less literature, have people spend more time thinking about what they’re doing and being sure they’re right.”
Science journalists can help the issue of scientific rigor, acknowledges Harris. “They should step back from doing the story of the day. It takes more time to think about things from a broader perspective, but that’s more important than ever.” Science journalists must find a balance between that and satisfying the needs of their news organizations. Even an award-winning science correspondent like Harris admits that he needs to think differently about how he does his job on a day to day basis. “Look at what’s published and fits into the broader trend and context of similar results, and what it means elsewhere,” he recommneds. These are results that should be the focus of science journalists.
The good news is that many institutions now evaluate candidates for jobs and promotions based on a set limit of publications, chosen by the author to best represent their contributions to science. Additional efforts to broaden evaluation within the constraints of the existing scientific culture include recognition and credit for reagent validation, peer review activities and training others on experimental responsibility. Dedicating more time to thinking and less time to drafting and revising manuscripts may not the working philosophy of many labs or the culture of science, but it’s an issue getting attention and was expressed as a concern by leaders of the organization Rescuing Biomedical Research.
Everyone has a stake in the current structure of the scientific enterprise, says Harris, from journals caring about impact factors [PLOS de-emphasizes journal impact factors] to deans making sure scientists draw in funding and overhead for their institutions.
“The biomedical research enterprise is driven by economics; economic systems are much harder to change and that should be something the overall enterprise should be thinking about—how to rethink that.”
Harris believes clinical medicine in the 1990s experienced similar cultural stresses, but ClinicalTrials.gov, a web-based resource from the National Library of Medicine that provides public access to information about clinical studies and the availability of experimental drugs, got people “past some of these issues without making them rethink their place in the scientific universe.” Hopefully academic biomedical research can do the same.
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Richard Harris, science correspondent for National Public Radio (NPR) received the 2010 Kavli Science Journalism Award from the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) for his reporting on BP’s Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. He also received the award in 1988 and 1995. He currently covers biomedical sciences with a focus on investigative stories and in 2014 completed an eight-part series examining the stresses on biomedical research in the US caused by fluctuating funding levels.
Tug of War Image Credit: falco; pixabay.com
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Are you interested in getting a little appearance update or are you just interested in pampering yourself a little bit? If you are, you may want to think about heading down to your local beauty salon. Beauty salons are the perfect place to a new hair do or even another beauty update.
When it comes to visiting a beauty salon, many individuals wonder what type of procedures they should undergo. If you are one of those individuals, you may want to keep on reading on. Although different beauty salons provide different services to their customers, you will find that many offer the same or similar ones. A few of the most popular beauty salon services are outlined below and they are ones that you will definitely want to checkout.
When many people think of beauty salons, one of the first things that pops into their mind is hair cuts. Hair care is a service that is offered by almost all beauty salons. Hair care services often include a trimming, shampooing, dying, highlighting, and so forth. Many beauty salons also specialize in doing “up-dos,” or other elegant hair styles for popular events like proms and weddings. Whether you are looking to just get a haircut or you need an “up-do,” your local beauty salon should be able to offer you assistance.
Skincare is another service that is offered by many beauty salons. In terms of skin care, you will find that the most common service offered is tanning. A lager number of beauty salons have tanning beds for customers to use. In addition to traditional tanning beds, a large number of beauty salons are now starting to offer spray on tans, which are one hundred percent safer than using tanning beds. If you would like to get a tan for a special event, like a wedding or a vacation, or just because, you may want to see what your beauty salon can do for you.
Another one of the many services offered at most beauty salons that you may be interested in learning more about is nail care. Many women choose to leave their nails plain, but many more like to paint them, get manicures and so forth. If you would like to have your nails professionally done, whether it be for work, for a wedding, or just because, you should think about making an appointment at one of your local beauty salons.
Nail care, hair care, and tanning are a few of the many services that you may be able to undergo at one of your local beauty salons. In addition to a traditional beauty salon, you may also find a beauty salon spa in or around the area in which you live. If you have a local beauty salon spa, you may want to think about stopping by. Beauty salons spas are like traditional salons, but they also offer spa treatments and have a spa-like setting. Common treatments offered at a beauty salon spa include massages, acupuncture, body wraps, and much more.
As previously stated, the above mentioned services are just a few of the many that are commonly offered at beauty salons and beauty salon spas and they are some of the most popular treatments available. If you would like more information on what is available to you locally, you may want to think about placing a call to your local beauty salon or beauty salon spa.
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Questions in personal finance revolve around
Protection against unforeseen personal events, as well as events in the wider economy
Transference of family across generations (bequests and inheritance)
Effects of tax policies (tax subsidies and/or penalties) on management of personal finances
Effects of credit on individual financial standing
Planning a secure financial future in an environment of economic instability
Personal finance may involve paying for education, financing durable goods such as real estate and cars, buying insurance, e.g. health and property insurance, investing and saving for retirement.
Personal finance may also involve paying for a loan, or debt obligations. The six key areas of personal financial planning, as suggested by the Financial Planning Standards Board, are:
Financial position: is concerned with understanding the personal resources available by examining net worth and household cash flow. Net worth is a person's balance sheet, calculated by adding up all assets under that person's control, minus all liabilities of the household, at one point in time. Household cash flow totals up all the expected sources of income within a year, minus all expected expenses within the same year. From this analysis, the financial planner can determine to what degree and in what time the personal goals can be accomplished.
Adequate protection: the analysis of how to protect a household from unforeseen risks. These risks can be divided into liability, property, death, disability, health and long term care. Some of these risks may be self-insurable, while most will require the purchase of an insurance contract. Determining how much insurance to get, at the most cost effective terms requires knowledge of the market for personal insurance. Business owners, professionals, athletes and entertainers require specialized insurance professionals to adequately protect themselves. Since insurance also enjoys some tax benefits, utilizing insurance investment products may be a critical piece of the overall investment planning.
Tax planning: typically the income tax is the single largest expense in a household. Managing taxes is not a question of if you will pay taxes, but when and how much. Government gives many incentives in the form of tax deductions and credits, which can be used to reduce the lifetime tax burden. Most modern governments use a progressive tax. Typically, as one's income grows, a higher marginal rate of tax must be paid. Understanding how to take advantage of the myriad tax breaks when planning one's personal finances can make a significant impact.
Investment and accumulation goals: planning how to accumulate enough money – for large purchases and life events – is what most people consider to be financial planning. Major reasons to accumulate assets include, purchasing a house or car, starting a business, paying for education expenses, and saving for retirement. Achieving these goals requires projecting what they will cost, and when you need to withdraw funds. A major risk to the household in achieving their accumulation goal is the rate of price increases over time, or inflation. Using net present value calculators, the financial planner will suggest a combination of asset earmarking and regular savings to be invested in a variety of investments. In order to overcome the rate of inflation, the investment portfolio has to get a higher rate of return, which typically will subject the portfolio to a number of risks. Managing these portfolio risks is most often accomplished using asset allocation, which seeks to diversify investment risk and opportunity. This asset allocation will prescribe a percentage allocation to be invested in stocks, bonds, cash and alternative investments. The allocation should also take into consideration the personal risk profile of every investor, since risk attitudes vary from person to person.
Retirement planning is the process of understanding how much it costs to live at retirement, and coming up with a plan to distribute assets to meet any income shortfall. Methods for retirement plan include taking advantage of government allowed structures to manage tax liability including: individual (IRA) structures, or employer sponsored retirement plans.
Estate planning involves planning for the disposition of one's assets after death. Typically, there is a tax due to the state or federal government at one's death. Avoiding these taxes means that more of one's assets will be distributed to one's heirs. One can leave one's assets to family, friends or charitable groups.
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