Tag: Sleeping

WHO has been working with Global Citizen for several weeks on the Together At Home concert series with artists like Chris Martin and John Legend giving free online performances.

Now we’re working with Lady Gaga and Global Citizen to take this concept and make it even bigger through the  One World  Together  At Home virtual  global  special on Saturday 18th April. It’s now my great pleasure to invite
Lady Gaga and Hugh Evans to say more about this very special event, One World.

00:03:10

LG       Thank you very much, Dr Tedros. Good morning, good afternoon  and good  evening to everyone who’s listening and watching. I would  like  to thank the World  Health Organization and the
United Nations as well as Global Citizen; thank you very much, Dr Tedros and Hugh Evans, for all of your leadership in this fight against COVID-19 and thank you very much to the World Health Organization  for asking  me to collaborate 
with  you on this special.

We are also very grateful to all of the healthcare professionals across the country and around the world who are on the front lines during COVID-19. This  global  pandemic  is  a catastrophe. I’m so thankful to them and I’m also
praying for those who are sick. It’s been a pleasure to partner with Global Citizen  and we’ve been working  all together  behind  the scenes to raise money for the World Health Organization.

I would also like to send my prayers as well to people  that are losing  their  jobs  and are having a hard time feeding themselves  and their  children.  We are raising  money  for  the World Health
Organization’s COVID-19 Solidarity  Response  Fund and seven days ago we held a  call with more than 68 corporate leaders from some of the world’s biggest and most generous companies and I asked them to join my corporate kindness
list as there have been many corporations and philanthropists that have been very, very generous during this time.

00:04:38

Since then we have also been calling on philanthropists around the world as well and tech companies included. I’d like  to reiterate our deep gratitude  to the medical  community.  My heart is very, very aching and warm for those
who are ER doctors as well as nurses who are sleeping in cars to make sure they don’t infect their families  or  their  patients.  What you’re doing is putting  yourselves  in  harm’s way to help the world 
and we all salute  you and you are a triumph truly.

I am proud to say that over the past seven days we’ve raised a total of $35 million for the Solidarity Fund. This money will [inaudible]  essential PPE, supplies  and testing kits around  the world and will help improve lab capacity
to rapidly process tests. It will also [inaudible] research development. It is so important to think globally and to support the World Health Organization to curb the pandemic and prevent future outbreaks.

I know Dr Tedros is particularly concerned about Africa and [inaudible]. We also need to act globally by supporting local charities  and initiatives so that the front-line health  workers in most immediate need have the resources they need
to survive during this time. It has been an honour to help with this huge broadcast event, which will take place on April 18th, where we need to tell the stories of and celebrate the front-line community, healthcare workers and their acts of kindness.

We will be on different networks, many networks actually and I want to [inaudible] about what we’re going to be doing. What’s very important is that two things happen for all of us; that we celebrate and we highlight the singular, kind global community
that is arising right now. Two, we want to highlight the gravity of this historically unprecedented cultural movement and, three, we want to celebrate and encourage the power of the human spirit.

00:06:47

I would like to, on behalf of  the World  Health Organization  and Global  Citizen,  thank Dr Tedros as well as everyone that has donated so far. We are going to continue fundraising but I would like to also let you know that
this broadcast special is not actually a fundraiser. We all wanted to raise the money before we went on air so when we do  air  live  on  April  18th  put your wallets away, put your credit  cards away, anything 
away that you need to and just  sit back and enjoy the show that you all very much deserve.

I’d like to pass this now to Hugh Evans, who’s been a wonderful partner of mine. Hugh, thank you so much and thank you, Dr Tedros.

HE       Good morning, good afternoon,  good  evening  and thank you,  Dr Tedros  and thank you, Lady Gaga. Your Excellencies,  ladies  and gentlemen;  Lady Gaga, Dr Tedros, 
you’ve both demonstrated extraordinary leadership at an unprecedented moment when our society is being challenged like never before and we are so thankful for your leadership. I’d like to echo Lady Gaga’s sentiment and commend the incredible acts
of bravery demonstrated by the front-line community  health  workers around the world  and I hope  that we as a shared humanity emerge from this moment forever grateful for the work of doctors, nurses, teachers, grocery store workers and all of those who are
the backbone of our communities.

Global health is at the very core of the global citizen mission and we must  ensure that the world’s poorest and most  marginalised  people  have  access to resources to cope with and tackle this health crisis. Through One
World:  Together At Home on April 18th  we’ll be calling on philanthropists, corporations and governments to fund critical global COVID-19 response efforts including distribution of resources and PPE to critical front-line healthcare
workers.

00:09:09

In our partnership with the WHO and United Nations Global Citizen is committed to driving action to help ensure our global health systems are strong enough to stop a future pandemic before it happens. April 18th is going to be a moment of global unity
connecting the world through a historic global broadcast. We are bringing together the greatest artists in the world under the passionate and extremely talented curation of Lady Gaga.

In alphabetical order some of the artists we’ll be announcing today include Alanis Morissette, Andrea Bocelli,  Billie  Eilish,  Billy  Joe Armstrong  of Green Day, Burna Boy, Chris Martin, Sir David Beckham, Eddie Vedder,
Sir Elton John, Finneas, Idris and Sabrina Elba, J Balvin, John Legend, Kacey Musgraves, Keith Urban, Kerry Washington,  Lang Lang,  Lizzo, Maluma, Sir Paul McCartney, Priyanka Chopra Jonas, Shah Rukh Khan, Stevie Wonder and many more to be announced over the coming weeks from all corners of the globe under the passionate and extremely talented curation of Lady Gaga.

We’re grateful to all of you for participating and supporting this critical effort. One World Together At Home will be broadcast live on Saturday April 18th 2020 at 5:00pm PDT, 8:00pm EDT and 12:00am BST, airing on ABC, NBC, Viacom and CBS networks,
IHeartMedia, and Bell media networks and platforms in Canada. Internationally BBC1 will run the programme on Sunday April 19th and additional  international  broadcasters include BN Media Group, Multi-Choice Group and RTE in Ireland.

00:11:43

The digital broadcast will celebrate and support brave community  health workers who are doing life-saving work on the front line and we’ve all seen the limitations of world leaders around this world to step up and face this extraordinary challenge 
and we want to do our best to support the essential work of the World Health Organization, driving action and raising critical funds. Thank you again, Dr Tedros, and thank you, Lady Gaga, for your leadership.

Thank you all.

TJ        Thank you very much to our guests for their remarks. Dr Tedros, I guess you would like to thank them too.

TAG    Once again I would like  to thank Lady Gaga and Hugh Evans for their  partnership. We had a call last week and I was so amazed by the energy and passion of Lady Gaga. It’s incredible commitment to humanity and that’s
when I said, I think what she has planned can happen. It’s bringing the world together to improve awareness and to mobilise  resources to fight the pandemic so I thank her for her incredible passion and commitment  and leadership and
also to my friend, Hugh Evans, for connecting all the dots and for his leadership.

We all look forward to joining you for the One World: Together  At Home concert on 18th April. As the pandemic continues we recognise that individuals and governments want to do everything they can to protect themselves and others and so do we.
We understand that some countries have recommended or are considering the use of both medical  and non-medical masks in the general population to prevent the spread of COVID-19.

00:14:21

First and foremost medical masks must be prioritised for health workers on the front lines  of  the response. We know medical masks can help to protect health workers but they’re in short supply globally.  We’re concerned that the mass
use of medical  masks by the general population could exacerbate the shortage of these specialised masks for the people who need them most. In some places these shortages are putting health workers in real danger.

In healthcare facilities WHO continues to recommend the use of medical masks, respirators and other personal protective equipment for  health workers. In the community we recommend the use of medical masks by people who are sick and those who
are caring for a sick person at home.

WHO has been evaluating the use of medical and non-medical masks for COVID-19 more widely. Today WHO is issuing guidance and criteria to support countries in making that decision. For example countries could consider using masks in communities where other measures such as cleaning hands and physical distancing are harder to achieve because of lack of water or cramped living conditions.

If masks are worn they must be used safely and properly. WHO has guidance on how to put on, take off and dispose of masks. What’s clear is that there is limited research in  this  area. We encourage countries that are considering the use
of masks for the general population to study their effectiveness so we can all learn. Most importantly masks should only  ever be used as part of a comprehensive package of interventions. There is no black or white answer and no silver bullet.
Masks alone cannot stop the pandemic. Countries must continue to find, test, isolate and treat every case and trace every contact. Mask or no mask, there are proven things all of us can do to protect ourselves and others.

00:17:13

Keep your distance, clean your hands, cough or sneeze into your elbow  and avoid  touching your face. Less than 100 days since WHO was notified about the new coronavirus  research has accelerated at incredible speed. The viral genome
was mapped  in  early January and shared globally, which enabled tests to be developed and vaccine research to start. More than 70 countries have joined WHO’s Solidarity Trial to accelerate the search for an effective treatment and about
20 institutions and companies are racing to develop a vaccine.

WHO is committed to ensuring that as medicines and vaccines are developed they’re shared equitably with all countries  and people.  I want to thank the  Medicines  Patent Pool and Unitaid for the initiative they announced last
Friday to include medicines and diagnostics for COVID-19 in their licensing pool.

I also want to thank the President of Costa Rica, President Carlos Alvadaro, and the Health Minister, Daniel Salas, for their proposal to create a pool of rights to tests, medicines and vaccines with free access or licensing on reasonable and affordable
terms for all countries. Muchas gracias, Mr President. I support this proposal and we’re working with Costa Rica to finalise the details.

00:19:09

Poorer countries and fragile  economies  stand to face the biggest  shock from this  pandemic and leaving anyone unprotected will  only  prolong  the health crisis  and harm economies  more.  I call
on all countries, companies and research institutions to support open data, open science and open collaboration so that all people can enjoy the benefits of science and research.

Finally we’re nearing the end of the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This is one piece of good news. If there are no more cases the Government of the Democratic Republic of Congo could declare the outbreak over  as early
as this  Sunday.  We’re not  there yet and we remain in full response mode. We’re continuing to investigate alerts and to test samples.

This would not have been possible without the incredible  health workers who have put themselves at risk for more than 18 months to stop this outbreak, just as health workers are putting themselves in danger to save lives from COVID-19. Health
workers in DRC faced the double threat of fighting a deadly virus in one of the world’s most dangerous and unstable regions, exposing themselves to Ebola and bullets.

Tomorrow, as you know, is WHO’s birthday, a day we celebrate each year as World Health Day. This year we’re paying tribute to the incredible contribution of all health workers, especially nurses and midwives. Nurses and midwives are the backbone of
every health system. They’re there from the first moments of life to the last. Tomorrow we’re publishing our first report on the state of the world’s nursing which highlights gaps and makes recommendations for all countries.

00:22:00

One of the lessons I hope the world learns from COVID-19 is that we must invest in health workers, not only to protect lives but also to protect livelihoods. I thank you.

TJ        Thank you very much, Dr Tedros. Also, as always, we have Dr Mike Ryan and Dr Maria Van Kerkhove, who will be answering questions. We will  now open the floor.  I will  go to one question
that I received by email this morning and I promised to answer; that’s Ankit Kumar from India Today. Ankit is asking; we have recently seen a spike in  cases caused through religious gatherings in India, in fact almost a third of new cases
were linked to one gathering in India. We have also seen incidents of violence against health workers due to fear and misinformation. Is WHO concerned with these developments, what is WHO’s message to religious and community leaders and their
followers?

MR      First and foremost the idea of violence against health workers is driven by fear and it’s driven by misunderstanding but it’s  really  unacceptable. We ask everyone and every community to see our health workers
as our heroes and to support them in every way we can.

With regard to gatherings of any type, be they religious or be they for other  purposes,  there are always risks associated with such gatherings in the midst of a major epidemic. WHO has issued guidance on that. Many of these gatherings
are now postponed or cancelled.  We’ve been working very, very closely with religious  and faith-based organisations  all  over the world including  groups  from the Islamic  tradition,  Christian 
traditions  and others and continue to work through faith-based organisations to communicate  using  our  Epiwin platform.

00:24:21

We’re also continuing to develop guidance specifically  for the holy  month  of Ramadan and are working through our Eastern Mediterranean regional office to be able to advise governments and religious institutions on how best to manage
the risks associated with such holy events.

But it’s very important again; having COVID-19 is not anybody’s fault. Every case is a victim and every case needs to be  treated with sensitivity,  as the health workers who treat them so it’s very important that we’re not profiling COVID-19
along  racial,  along  religious,  along ethnic lines. This is not helpful.

TJ        Thank you very much. This was a question  from Ankit  Kumar from India  Today. Now we will go to journalists online. We will start with Jamie from Associated Press. Jamie, can you hear us?

JA        Hi, yes. Can you hear me? TJ            Yes. Please go ahead.

JA        Great, thank you very much. I wanted to ask you about… Over the weekend Dr Anthony Fauci mentioned that – if I understood it correctly – as much as 50% of transmission could be asymptomatic. Just aligned 
with that, if  you could  give  us a little  bit  more  about what you’re thinking about the fact that some countries have said that this outbreak is more infectious than influenza. The CDC is saying that it’s up
to three times more infectious than influenza so what do you have to say about that? Thanks.

00:26:13

MK      I’ll start and then perhaps Mike or DG would like to supplement. The modes of transmission and the way in which this virus is transmitted  are of significant  interest to all of us. What we are doing is working
with member states, we’re working with everyone that’s affected by this, looking through the research and trying to understand  when most transmission is happening, when any transmission is happening.

What we know from reports, what we know from published literature is that the predominant way in which transmission is occurring is amongst symptomatic individuals  and these are people that can be very early on in symptoms, even when they start
to feel a little bit unwell. This is supported by some data that attempts to catch a virus from individuals who are symptomatic.

We also know that it’s possible that people can transmit in the few days before they become symptomatic or in their pre-symptomatic  phase. There have been some studies  that have come out and we learned about this when we were on mission
in China back in January or early February, that there are individuals that can shed virus one to three days before they develop symptoms.

However it’s very important to note that even if you are pre-symptomatic or even if you don’t have any recognised symptoms you still have to transmit through  droplets,  you still  have to have these infectious particles that come out
of your nose and your mouth. So while we know that that is possible we do not believe that it’s a major driver of transmission.

00:27:42

We’ve also seen modelling estimates that suggest that there’re large numbers of unrecognised transmission and I used unrecognised on purpose because I’m not saying asymptomatic. I’m saying that we may be missing people who are out there who are infected
but we’re missing them because of current surveillance strategies. That is certainly possible in many parts of the globe.

Whether or not those individuals are asymptomatic; we will have to wait until we see the results of serologic studies, which we hope we’ll be seeing in the coming days if not weeks.

So what we can say is that most people are transmitting this virus while they are symptomatic.

JA        Hi, Jamie. Just in addition because I think – I would never in any way contradict my good friend, Tony Fauci, such an eminent man. There are many different estimations of what might represent asymptomatic
transmission or other infections in the community and we do know and everyone accepts that when the seroepidemiology studies do come online we will probably find more people who’ve been infected unknowingly; there’s no question of that.

The thing we need to address in all of this is  very often the idea of  severity versus infection and there is a huge association  between the dose  of exposure  and the severity  of infection. We see this in many other
infectious diseases so we also probably need to look  at who is getting sick and very sick and is the dose and the type of exposure they’re getting different to those who may be exposed and seroconverted in the community.

00:29:26

So it’s not just a matter of looking at how many people in the community are infected but are there specific elements  of exposure  that cause individuals  to have  a higher dose of exposure or a specific route of exposure 
that causes more severe infection?  There is  also that concept of infectious dose when we talk about the different types of transmission. If somebody is exposed to a high dose from another individual directly or from a surface that’s
heavily contaminated you can imagine the large dose.

In other circumstances individual particles or virus particles potentially floating through  the air; it can be demonstrated that that may happen in certain circumstances, certainly in healthcare settings. But is that significant  in 
terms of driving  infection,  is  that significant, does that produce an infectious dose that can successfully infect another individual?

These are all very important things that still need to be studied. Again we’re only a number of weeks into this. I think we need to have the seroepi studies. I think  we need more information on what is the infectious  dose  and particularly 
the relationship  between the dose  of exposure or infection and the severity of disease subsequently, which has been seen with many, many other diseases in the past including cholera, Ebola and others.

TJ        Thank you very much, Mike and Maria. We will go now to our next question; that’s Kai Kupferschmidt. Kai, can you hear us?

00:31:01

KA      Yes, Tarik. Thanks a lot for taking my question. I wanted to ask about the global  push  to try and find a pre-exposure  prophylaxis  or a post-exposure  prophylaxis. I understand there’re
several trials going on, most of them with chloroquine  or hydroxychloroquine.  I was just wondering whether you can speak a little bit to what role this could potentially play.

Of course also there’re a lot of smaller studies going on. Is there any way to make sure that they all lead to results that can be proved in the end?

MR      Maria can give you more detail but certainly one of the Solidarity trials – I think Solidarity 3 or 4 – we have one of the trials under design which will be a multi-centre study which will look at prophylaxis in healthcare workers to see whether there’s evidence that giving lower doses of drugs like chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine to healthcare workers would reduce their risk of becoming infected in a healthcare environment.

Those studies are certainly underway and again there are a number of those studies underway in smaller studies around the world but again as WHO we’re trying  to bring  together  a larger set of collaborative studies that will give
us the answers we need.

In terms of post-exposure prophylaxis I don’t believe  we have at the moment  studies  planned but Maria can speak to that but there is certainly evidence for the use of – not proven  evidence of effectiveness but there are a number
of studies underway and trials underway that use hyperimmune globulin  in  the treatment  of disease; in  other words  they use that purified plasma of recovered individuals to give an antibody boost to people who are
suffering the disease.

00:32:49

Similar approaches have been used in post-exposure prophylaxis for other diseases but Maria may be aware of studies underway in that area.

MK      Only to add that, as you mentioned, there are a number of smaller studies that are happening globally and across a large number of countries.  We have teams through  our science division and through GOARN,
through the Global Outbreak Alert Network, who are pulling together  available  literature  on a number  of topics,  one  of which is  looking  at different types of therapeutics and drugs.

The idea is until we can have a study that pulls together enough of a sample size to get these answers to these questions we’re trying  to evaluate  every piece of evidence  that is  published so that we can look at the way in
which these studies were done, we can look at the strengths, we can look at the limitations so that can help guide us closer  towards an effective treatment for COVID-19.

TJ        Thank you very much. The next question is from BFM Radio. Is is Kate who is with us?

KT       Yes, hi. Good evening or good morning.  I’m from BFM Radio  Malaysia. My question is, many countries around the world have imposed lock-downs or some sort of restrictions on movement. I was wondering
what WHO’s guidance would  be; what’s the sweet spot, the kind of data that governments need to consider before lifting or relaxing  some  of these lock- downs? Thank you very much.

00:34:29

MR      Thank you. It is a difficulty for governments right  now  because the lock-downs  in many situations are proving effective in dampening the flames of the epidemic  in  those countries but those
lock-downs are also causing great economic hardship and everybody especially in the developing world needs to get to a more sustainable way of managing this epidemic and controlling COVID-19 without continuing to damage economic and social life.

The transition strategy out  of lock-down  requires  a calibrated,  step-wise approach.  It would be probably very inadvisable just to lift a complete lock-down, all of the measures because lock-downs are a general term that
include closure of schools, closure of  churches, stay-at- home orders, closure of workplaces. It’s a mixture of different things and I think each government needs to break out, what does our lock-down actually constitute, what are the elements
of our lock-down, where is that happening in the country, do we now understand the epidemiology of the disease in each area in which we have an element of lock-down or shut- down.

Then to chart the path out, you have to build strong public health capacity to take over from the lock-down. In other words the lock-down is pushing the disease down by putting people back in their homes, by separating communities. Once you raise
the lock-down you have to have an alternative method to suppress the infection. The  way to do that is active  case finding, testing, isolation of cases, tracking of contacts, quarantining of contacts and strong community education and
participation and ownership around normal physical distancing, hygiene and giving communities the power to control infection by in effect managing their own physical distance, managing their own capacities to support the response.

00:36:32

In that situation, if you’ve strong public health capacity, if you’ve got a community that’s mobilised and empowered and if you’ve strengthened your health system then you’re potentially in a position to start unlocking or unwinding the lock-down.
The specific parameters you need to be looking at are on two sides.

One is, it would be very inadvisable to lock down [sic] if the number  of cases coming  through the hospital is already at a level where your  occupancy of  beds is  nearly at 100%.  You need to be in a position where
you now have free beds in your system so that you’re managing and coping with the caseload and that means you have some absorption capacity left.

You need to look at things like the doubling  rate; how  many days does it  take for the  number of cases to double? You need to look at positivity rates; what proportion of all samples that we test are positive? You’ll see in
somewhere like Korea two to 6% of the samples  they test are positive. Last week in New York 37% of tested samples were positive so you need to carefully look at what proportion of people you test are positive.

00:37:45

You need to look at the number of contacts that are generated per case and it goes on and on and WHO will be issuing guidance to countries that is a much more specific around the parameters they should be looking at. There are no absolutes here, there
are no answers, there are no numbers that say if this number is this then you do that. That doesn’t exist but what we can do is offer countries very specific  measurements  that they need to look  at to chart the path out of lock-down.

That step-wise approach of unlocking somewhat and then waiting to see; I think you need to say, we will stop doing this element of the shut-down  and then we will  wait and we will  look at the data and if that works we go to the next
stage and the next stage. So a careful, calibrated, step-wise exit from lock-down with putting in place public health capacities, putting in place community capacity, building the capacity of the health system to cope should the disease bounce back up; that’s the safe path out of lock-down.

We want to achieve it as quickly as possible and we want to avoid many countries going  into that circumstance and we still have many countries around the world who are not in a locked- down situation. In fact their epidemiology would suggest
they can avoid the worst of this and we need to support them to avoid them going into that situation.

The most damaging lock-downs are in many developing countries  where people  – as the  DG has said many times – can live from hand to mouth, not from pay cheque to pay cheque but from day to day and we have to find adaptive solutions
around lock-down and around disease control in vulnerable periurban populations living in poverty,  in  poor  rural communities.  We have to find alternative, adapted ways to manage lock-downs or slow-downs or shut-downs in
those situations.

00:39:41

TJ        Thank you very much. This was Kate from BFM Radio in Malaysia. Now we will  go to Nigeria to Natural Star and it’s Innocent. Innocent, can you hear us?

IN        Thank you. Can you hear me?

TJ        Not very well but we will try. Please go ahead.

IN        Okay, thank you for taking my questions. I have two questions to ask. One; how will WHO assess African countries on what they’ve done concerning the lock-down and management of COVID-19?

Then the second one; there’s news going around that vaccines are to be tested on Africans when they’re developed. How true is that and is there a window that’s in the nearer future when a vaccine will be developed for COVID-19? Thank you.

Hello?

TJ        Yes, we are just trying to make sure that we understood the question but we will try. MR     I think this is Nigeria. Is it?

TJ        Yes.

00:41:08

MR      Maria may answer the question around vaccine development. With regard to our general assessment on lock-down – and the Director-General may wish to comment on this because he’s been speaking with many leaders in Africa
and, I believe, spoke with  the whole of the African Union leadership and countries late last week so therefore is in a much better position than me to speak about that.

We would characterise so far, Africa’s actually doing well in this response thus far. Countries have essential capacities for testing, many countries are taking strong action and want to really focus on finding cases and doing contact tracing and trying to stop this disease becoming much more extensive given the fact that health systems are not as strong in many countries. 

They need support in that though, they need support in testing, they need support with protective gear and they need to be given the resources to be able to mount those types of responses so I would characterise that Africa has not suffered the worst
of this pandemic so far. The worst of it can be avoided with very, very swift action to support those countries in Africa who really do want to take a comprehensive approach to this disease.

With the many vulnerable  people  including  refugees and migrants  who live  in  those countries it is our responsibility to provide that support but, DG, you may wish to speak about your interactions with the African
Union countries.

00:42:46

MK      I’ll answer the question  around vaccines. What we can say is  that there are a number of vaccines that are in development and vaccines will be tested through clinical trials with all ethical considerations
in place in whichever  populations  are under  study  with informed consent, with open and transparent communication. This is of the utmost importance, that not only do we have strong, robust  scientific  evidence 
but  we ensure that all  of the studies  that are done are done with appropriate and the highest level of ethical considerations.

One thing on the first question around Africa is that there are a number of countries in Africa right now which have very few cases and Mike has alluded to this in his earlier response.

Some only have imported cases and there is an opportunity here, this  window  of opportunity that the DG has spoken about exists  in  many countries  still.  There is  an opportunity to prevent the worst from happening
in a number of countries across Africa and across countries that are still seeing their first case; in some island countries.

We need to support those governments, those countries, all of the people in those areas to prevent the worst from happening, to prevent these individual cases from becoming clusters, these clusters from becoming community transmission. I think that’s
where we need to put  a lot of emphasis and support so that we can prevent countries  from reaching a point  where they need to put in these very restrictive movement restrictions.

TAG    Thank you. Thank you for that question, my brother from Nigeria. On the situation, as Mike said, of course when you see the number of cases the African continent has the lowest number of cases so far but that doesn’t mean that
the situation will not deteriorate. It may.

00:45:06

So Africa should do everything to prevent this situation from getting worse and that’s why African leaders are doing their best. I had a chance to participate in a meeting, a Leaders’ Coalition which was arranged or invited by the current Chairperson
of the African Union, the President of South Africa, President Ramaphoza and many leaders from all corners of the continent have actually participated.

The main agenda is to have a continental strategy and also make sure that that continental strategy helps the national strategy but in addition to a coalition of political leaders or the heads of state and government they have also agreed to have a coalition of business leaders. Business leaders in Africa are also getting together because Africa will need resources and one of the major problems that was identified during the discussion
was especially shortage of equipment starting from medical equipment, PPE and test kits and so on.

The leaders have agreed to look for concrete solutions to address the problem and they also believe that considering the number of cases we have in the continent testing cases, tracing contacts and isolating them, meaning using the comprehensive approach,
will actually  help. They believe that lock-downs alone may not help or the physical distancing alone cannot help and they have agreed to do everything to follow the comprehensive approach.

From WHO’s side we have been supporting and we increased, improved  the testing capacity in Africa significantly in the past two months and many countries in Africa have now testing capability although we may have a shortage of test kits but 
we’re working  on that too and we’re finding different ways of addressing the gap.

00:48:06

But we will support the African Union, we will support the Africa CDC and also we will continue working through our WHO regional office in Congo Brazzaville and continue to support and fight the pandemic together.

Then on the vaccines issue there was, I think, a comment last week from a couple of

scientists who said the testing ground for the new vaccines will be Africa. To be honest,  I was so appalled and it was a time when I said, when we needed solidarity these kind of racist remarks actually would not help, it goes against the solidarity.

Africa cannot and will not be a testing ground for any vaccine. We will follow all the rules to test any vaccine or therapeutics all over the world using exactly the same rules. Whether it’s

in Europe, Africa or wherever we will use the same protocol and if there is a need to be tested elsewhere to treat human beings the same way, equally.

The hangover from a colonial mentality has to stop — and WHO will  not  allow  this  to happen. It was a disgrace actually  and appalling  to hear during the 21st century from scientists that kind of remark and we condemn
this in  the strongest  terms possible  but  we assure you  that this will not happen in Africa and will not happen elsewhere, in any country. Proper protocols will be followed and human beings will be treated as human
beings because we’re all human beings.

00:50:37

Then after saying this the vaccine development; we’re addressing two issues and we will be announcing as soon as possible, hopefully during this week, a big initiative to accelerate the research and development and production of vaccines and also
design mechanisms for equitable distribution of the vaccines.

While we’re looking for vaccines, unless we break the barriers to equitable distribution of the products, whether it’s vaccines or therapeutics, we will have a problem, so we need to address the problem ahead of time, we need to address the problem
of access or challenges to access ahead of time.

That’s why we will put together a mechanism and we will appoint senior people from the North and South that will work out the details on how they can accelerate production but at the same time how they can ensure equitable distribution. Solidarity
is very important here. When a vaccine or a medicine is ready we have to be able to deliver it all over the world.

There should not be a divide between the haves and the have-nots.

If we say solidarity, solidarity should be in its full form and I hope each and every individual, each and every human being will go for that kind of solidarity. I thank you.

TJ        Thank you, Dr Tedros. We’ll take a couple more questions. We go to Yang from Xinhua news agency. Yang, can you hear us?

00:52:58

YA      Can I hear you?

TJ        Yes, we can hear you. Please go ahead.

YA      As World Health Day is approaching  what do you  have to say to the  front-line medical workers in China and around the world in  the global  anti-virus  efforts? This  question is
for Dr Tedros. Thank you.

TJ        If we understood well, the question is what is the message to health workers in China and around the world. Maybe you can repeat the question one more time, please.

YA      Okay. As World Health Day is approaching what would you say and what message do you want to deliver to the front-line medical workers in China  and around the world  in  the global anti-virus effort?

TAG    I think I have said it earlier;  as you  know,  this  is  the year of  the nurse and the midwife, 2020. We were ready to celebrate it in a big way and it was supposed to be the main event in our
Assembly in mid-May. Unfortunately we’re in this situation but  we will  be launching a report tomorrow which is the first of its kind.  It’s a report on the  state of nursing. We will launch it tomorrow during the World Health
Day.

00:55:01

But while launching that report, although it’s about nursing, we will celebrate all health workers, midwives, pharmacists, doctors, you name it. I think the world is now seeing the importance and the central role that health workers play. People,
when they’re asked, of course, to choose they would say health first because it’s only when you’re healthy that you can aspire to anything, whether it’s wealth or fame or anything. It doesn’t matter if you’re not healthy.

If you’re not healthy the first thing you ask for is to get back your health and our health workers are making sure that happens and they’re central and very important for any individual. So not only during COVID but during other times too health
professionals are very important because they are safeguarding that very important aspect of life — that’s health.