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Trading and Profit and Loss Account

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Trading Account

As already discussed, first section of trading and profit and loss account is called trading account. The aim of preparing trading account is to find out gross profit or gross loss while that of second section is to find out net profit or net loss.

Preparation of Trading Account

Trading account is prepared mainly to know the profitability of the goods bought (or manufactured) sold by the businessman. The difference between selling price and cost of goods sold is the,5 earning of the businessman. Thus in order to calculate the gross earning, it is necessary to know:

(a) cost of goods sold.

(b) sales.

Total sales can be ascertained from the sales ledger. The cost of goods sold is, however, calculated. n order to calculate the cost of sales it is necessary to know its meaning. The ‘cost of goods’ includes the purchase price of the goods plus expenses relating to purchase of goods and brining the goods to the place of business. In order to calculate the cost of goods ” we should deduct from the total cost of goods purchased the cost of goods in hand. We can study this phenomenon with the help of following formula:

Opening stock + cost of purchases – closing stock = cost of sales

As already discussed that the purpose of preparing trading account is to calculate the gross profit of the business. It can be described as excess of amount of ‘Sales’ over ‘Cost of Sales’. This definition can be explained in terms of following equation:

Gross Profit = Sales-Cost of goods sold or (Sales + Closing Stock) -(Stock in the beginning + Purchases + Direct Expenses)

The opening stock and purchases along with buying and bringing expenses (direct exp.) are recorded the debit side whereas sales and closing stock is recorded on the credit side. If credit side is Jeater than the debit side the difference is written on the debit side as gross profit which is ultimately recorded on the credit side of profit and loss account. When the debit side exceeds the credit side, the difference is gross loss which is recorded at credit side and ultimately shown on the debit side of profit & loss account.

Usual Items in a Trading Account:

A) Debit Side

1. Opening Stock. It is the stock which remained unsold at the end of previous year. It must have been brought into books with the help of opening entry; so it always appears inside the trial balance. Generally, it is shown as first item at the debit side of trading account. Of course, in the first year of a business there will be no opening stock.

2. Purchases. It is normally second item on the debit side of trading account. ‘Purchases’ mean total purchases i.e. cash plus credit purchases. Any return outwards (purchases return) should be deducted out of purchases to find out the net purchases. Sometimes goods are received before the relevant invoice from the supplier. In such a situation, on the date of preparing final accounts an entry should be passed to debit the purchases account and to credit the suppliers’ account with the cost of goods.

3. Buying Expenses. All expenses relating to purchase of goods are also debited in the trading account. These include-wages, carriage inwards freight, duty, clearing charges, dock charges, excise duty, octroi and import duty etc.

4. Manufacturing Expenses. Such expenses are incurred by businessmen to manufacture or to render the goods in saleable condition viz., motive power, gas fuel, stores, royalties, factory expenses, foreman and supervisor’s salary etc.

Though manufacturing expenses are strictly to be taken in the manufacturing account since we are preparing only trading account, expenses of this type may also be included in the trading account.

(B) Credit Side

1. Sales. Sales mean total sales i.e. cash plus credit sales. If there are any sales returns, these should be deducted from sales. So net sales are credited to trading account. If an asset of the firm has been sold, it should not be included in the sales.

2. Closing Stock. It is the value of stock lying unsold in the godown or shop on the last date of accounting period. Normally closing stock is given outside the trial balance in that case it is shown on the credit side of trading account. But if it is given inside the trial balance, it is not to be shown on the credit side of trading account but appears only in the balance sheet as asset. Closing stock should be valued at cost or market price whichever is less.

Valuation of Closing Stock

The ascertain the value of closing stock it is necessary to make a complete inventory or list of all the items in the god own together with quantities. On the basis of physical observation the stock lists are prepared and the value of total stock is calculated on the basis of unit value. Thus, it is clear that stock-taking entails (i) inventorying, (ii) pricing. Each item is priced at cost, unless the market price is lower. Pricing an inventory at cost is easy if cost remains fixed. But prices remain fluctuating; so the valuation of stock is done on the basis of one of many valuation methods.

The preparation of trading account helps the trade to know the relationship between the costs be incurred and the revenues earned and the level of efficiency with which operations have been conducted. The ratio of gross profit to sales is very significant: it is arrived at :

Gross Profit X 100 / Sales

With the help of G.P. ratio he can ascertain as to how efficiently he is running the business higher the ratio, better will be the efficiency.

Closing Entries pertaining to trading Account

For transferring various accounts relating to goods and buying expenses, following closing entries recorded:

(i) For opening Stock: Debit trading account and credit stock account

(ii) For purchases: Debit trading account and credit purchases account, the amount being the et amount after deducting purchases returns.

(iii) For purchases returns: Debit purchases return account and credit purchases account.

(iv) For returns inwards: Debit sales account and credit sales return account

(v) For direct expenses: Debit trading account and credit direct expenses accounts individually.

(vi) For sales: Debit sales account and credit trading account. We will find that all the accounts as mentioned above will be closed with the exception of trading account

(vii) For closing stock: Debit closing stock account and credit trading account After recording above entries the trading account will be balanced and difference of two sides ascertained. If credit side is more the result is gross profit for which following entry is recorded.

(viii) For gross profit: Debit trading account and credit profit and loss account If the result is gross loss the above entry is reversed.

Profit and Loss Account

The profit and loss account is opened by recording the gross profit (on credit side) or gross loss (debit side).

For earning net profit a businessman has to incur many more expenses in addition to the direct expenses. Those expenses are deducted from profit (or added to gross loss), the resultant figure will be net profit or net loss.

The expenses which are recorded in profit and loss account are ailed ‘indirect expenses’. These be classified as follows:

Selling and distribution expenses.

These comprise of following expenses:

(a) Salesmen’s salary and commission

(b) Commission to agents

(c) Freight & carriage on sales

(d) Sales tax

(e) Bad debts

(f) Advertising

(g) Packing expenses

(h) Export duty

Administrative Expenses.

These include:

(a) Office salaries & wages

(b) Insurance

(c) Legal expenses

(d) Trade expenses

(e) Rates & taxes

(f) Audit fees

(g) Insurance

(h) Rent

(i) Printing and stationery

(j) Postage and telegrams

(k) Bank charges

Financial Expenses

These comprise:

(a) Discount allowed

(b) Interest on Capital

(c) Interest on loan

(d) Discount Charges on bill discounted

Maintenance, depreciations and Provisions etc.

These include following expenses

(a) Repairs

(b) Depreciation on assets

(c) Provision or reserve for doubtful debts

(d) Reserve for discount on debtors.

Along with above indirect expenses the debit side of profit and loss account comprises of various business losses also.

On the credit side of profit and loss account the items recorded are:

(a) Discount received

(b) Commission received

(c) Rent received

(d) Interest received

(e) Income from investments

(f) Profit on sale of assets

(g) Bad debts recovered

(h) Dividend received

(i) Apprenticeship premium etc.

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Source by Anil Kumar Gupta

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July 27, 2022
What Is Affiliate Marketing In A Nutshell?

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Affiliate marketing in a nutshell is you promoting other people's products and services in exchange of a share of commissions.

It can be digital products such as e-learning programs – which comprised of e-books in PDF, video courses, software tools and website templates – and physical goods as in things that people like you and me buy everyday from shops for consumer and entertainment purposes.

To sign up as affiliate is very simple. Simply do a Google search for affiliate programs and you will find dozens in the result listings. But from my 10 years of internet marketing experience, Amazon, ClickBank, Market Health and JVZoo are by far the most popular. While Amazon deals with consumer products, ClickBank and JVZoo specialize in digital ones I just mentioned above. Market Health – as its name implies – mainly focuses on healthcare products. Besides these, you can also promote services as well like autoresponder, domains registration and web hosting that most marketers need as their online tools to start their own online businesses.

While those companies focuses on rewarding you with commissions for every sale you generated for them, there are others who paid you for every lead you get for them whether or not that prospect buys. This comes under the term of Cost Per Action or CPA marketing. Never Blue and Peerfly are 2 most popular networks that stand out while you can also scout for others via Offer Vault and O'Digger CPA search platforms.

Upon signing up, you will be given a choice of whether you want to receive your commissions via checks or direct bank deposit depending on where you live. For ClickBank, you need to generate at least 5 sales before being issued a check and option of whether you want to continue receiving checks or direct deposits. For Amazon, you need to generate at least $ 100 in commissions before receiving a check if you are living outside US or have those same 2 options if you are American.

Once you are approved, you can start promoting their products and services. Because most of my 10 years has been spent on promoting Amazon and ClickBank, I will touch upon them. Now as much as it is important to learn and earn, you need to focus on who your target prospects are and how you can help them with their needs and wants. For Amazon, the answers are very obvious. I normally look for the best sellers, hot releases and products with at least 4-5 star ratings. But for ClickBank, I will look for those who pay commissions of at least $ 30 and with high gravity as in most affiliates promoting before I considered whether I should do the same as well.

Upon deciding on what to promote, I simply placed ads first through classified websites like Adlandpro, Adpost, Backpage, Craigslist and Gumtree for quick cash for a start. Then I focused on creating content for long-term passive income such as writing articles, blogging, e-books, press releases and videos.

For information products, I normally link them to my squeeze page and over time once they become my subscribers, I followed up with them on not just email promotions but content and links to my blog posts.

For physical products, that will be my affiliate sites I am sending my visitors to. But I do my best not to make my site look like an affiliate site but a really professional-looking e-commerce site using WordPress, Ink Themes and WooCommerce. So far I have promoted air purifiers, digital cameras, guitars, kindles, robot toys and seasonal gifts like Thanksgiving, Christmas and Chinese New Year.

Now with emergence of Facebook as an all-in-one social media and marketing platform, I now channeled my time and efforts towrds it. Such as fanpages, groups and ads which enable me to target my ideal prospects on based on their age, gender, interests and earning potential based on their occupations.

On the whole, affiliate marketing is like referral marketing but done mostly online and can still earn you a great long-term passive income if you know how and what to do correctly and regularly. It is not a get rich quick scheme but a plan that helps you to earn long-term passively.

Even without meeting and even talking to people as compared to traditional marketing like direct sales and telemarketing.

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Source by Amuro Wesley

Views: 0

July 23, 2022
Benefits of Public Health Education

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Public health education can be considered an ambiguous term. It teaches the proper way to improve one’s health, and can involve only one or two people, or the population of several countries. Anything that can seriously threaten the physical, mental, or spiritual health of a wide range of people, notably due to their interactions with one another, can be classified as a threat to the community’s public health. This is why public health education becomes a necessary tool to aid people against the spread of potential diseases and illnesses. Five of the most important reasons of how public health education can prove beneficial are as follows:

1. People are able to learn how to prevent the spread of communicable diseases through the training and methods being taught in education. People are able to have better access to information regarding general prevention of diseases, including the knowledge of what to do and how to act during epidemics in their area. Certain diseases have their own individual prevention methods that people should be well aware of, and employing these techniques lessens the risk of being infected by possible diseases. Through public health education, even simple things such as wearing a flu mask in particularly affected areas, or knowing when to take vaccines for a particular illness that is prominent at that time of the year, always proves very effective in limiting the number of people affected annually.

2. More people are able to access private and public medical institutions to prevent diseases or medical conditions, or to better treat them. Without the benefits of a public health education, most people may feel healthy enough and not find the need to go for a general check-up. Being aware that it is necessary to see your doctor regularly is one of the important things learned in a good public health education. Most medical hospitals and clinics offer immunization or vaccine shots during the flu seasons, or when a general outbreak of hepatitis is going around, and a public health education ensures that more people know to go to these facilities and avail of the treatment, thereby lessening the amount of ill people.

3. People are able to adopt a healthier behavior to lessen the risk of diseases being spread among themselves. Keeping things cleaner around the house, opting to lessen or quit smoking altogether, or exercising more are just a few of the many different ways taught in public health education to combat sickness and improve one’s lifestyle.

4. People become more aware of information relating to the disease, rather than believing in just public perception. Public health education not only deals with how to prevent illnesses, it also provides details of how a disease works, which may dispel some myths and fallacies about it in society. The HIV virus for example, can be spread through unprotected sexual intercourse, but not through activities such as kissing or touching. This also helps change a person’s views towards someone infected, promoting more empathy rather than discrimination.

5. People are able to help and contribute to disease prevention by supporting or volunteering at health care facilities. Public health education is more than just spreading information; it also calls people to actively participate in aiding others. To be able to protect one’s health, it is also necessary to protect the health of other people around you, and helps foster a more close-knit community and a better sense of camaraderie.

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Source by Jes B

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July 18, 2022
Want to Work from Home: Make Money Selling Private Label Software

If you are looking to escape the nine to five workplace, you are not alone. This is because many jobs are not just nine to five anymore; instead there are many jobs that require employees to work longer. If you are looking for an easier way to make money, you have come to the rights place, the internet. Online you will find a number of different business opportunities. Some of those opportunities may be just what you were looking for.

The first step in finding a work at home opportunity is to know what your available options are. You can easily do this by examining a number of different sources. Your local book stores and libraries should have a number of different informational books and guides for those who are looking to learn more about working from home. You can also use the internet to search for that same information. Once you start researching work at home business opportunities, you will find that there are a number of different opportunities out there. For the best results, you are encouraged to examine all of them, including private label resell rights.

Private label resell rights are offered on a number of different products, including software programs. These software programs are created by professional software designers or software developers. Although these professionals have experience creating software, there are many who are unfamiliar with selling their products. This is where the private label resell rights come in. Instead of spending money or taking the time to learn how to market and sell their products, many software creators choose to let someone else sell their product for them. They do this by selling the private label resell rights to someone who is looking to make money, someone just like you.

If you are interested in making money by obtaining the resell rights to a private label software program, you will need to find a program. The program that you choose is important because it often determines whether or not you will find success with this business opportunity. You are also advised to be on the lookout for resell right offers that allow you to change the program or claim it as your own. These types of offers may cost more that traditional resell right offers, but they are well worth it.

Once you have obtained the resell rights to a software program, you will then need to start thinking about making money. To make money with this business opportunity, you need to sell the software program, which you now own the rights to. Every time that you may a sale you will see a profit. That is why it is important that you try your best to sell the product. Despite what you may think, this does not mean that you have to work endless hours. Instead, you are advised to find and use the most effective selling methods. These methods may include the development an online product website or the use of online classified ads. In many cases, you will find that these selling methods are quick, but effective.

If selling a software program, that you didn’t even create, sounds nice, you are advised to get started. The sooner you take part in this potentially profitable business opportunity, the sooner you may be able to escape the nine to five workplace.

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April 17, 2022
Using Private Label Article Resell Rights to Your Advantage

In recent years, there has been a large amount of focus placed on private label resell rights. Private label resell rights are when an individual agrees to purchase the right to resell the product, often from the product’s original creator. The buyer of those resell rights is then able to make a profit every time they sell that product or a version of it. Many individuals have capitalized on the success of private label resell rights and now you may also be able to.

If you were to search the internet for private label resell rights offers, it is likely that you will find an unlimited number of offers and business opportunities. Most of those offers are likely to include software programs or e-books. While private label resell rights exist for a wide variety of different products, some products are better known than others. In a way, some products are considered “well kept secrets,” if you are interested in profiting from one of those secrets, you are advised to examine private label articles and the resell rights that you can purchase for them.

When it comes to private label articles, many of them are written by professional freelance writers and in large quantities. Many of these writers enjoy writing the articles, but they do not enjoy trying to sell them. That is where the resell right opportunity develops. Instead of selling their articles to a prospective buyer, they sell their articles to someone who has the time and the knowledge needed to the make sales.

If you are interested in taking part in this money making opportunity, you are encouraged to get started. One great source for buying articles to resell is www.ArticleWholesaler.com. As of right now, many entrepreneurs are looking to obtain the private label resell rights to e-books or software programs. Many are not even aware that there is a large market for mass content articles. In fact, you may even be wondering who you would go about selling those articles to and how. In short, the answer is everyone. You will want to target the general public, but there are groups of individuals that you should, without a doubt, target. These individuals are webmasters.

Webmasters are known as individuals that have either created or are currently operating a website, often times that website is their own. In today’s world, websites need to have interesting content, often in the form of articles. Many times, this content is used to make a website more user friendly, but other times it is used to increase a website’s search engine ranking. Search engine ranking is important because, in a way, it determines how many internet users will be able to make it to the site. Depending on the type of website in question, a high search engine ranking may help a webmaster earn more money.

There is also a chance that you are concerned with selling the content. The internet is full of duplicated content and many webmasters prefer to purchase their own unique articles, but that does not mean that you cannot give them what they want. When a freelance writer places their article resell rights up for sale, many writers are giving up ownership to those articles. In a way, those articles become yours. This means that you should be able to alter them in anyway that you see fit. The more you alter an article, bit by bit each time, the more you can sell it as unique content.
Once you have obtained the resell rights to a collection of articles, you can then begin to shop for buyers. There are a number of different ways that you can do this. You can seek out potential webmasters by viewing their online websites. If the content you have is suitable, you may be able to make a sale. You can also advertise a collection of articles through online classified ads or by placing them for sale on online auction websites. The method of sale you choose will all depend on how much you want to work and how much money you want to make.

To make the most out of this opportunity, you are urged to act fast. It won’t be too long before others realize what a money making opportunity it is to buy and resell private label articles.

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April 17, 2022
Use Classified Ads as a Way to Sell Your Private Label Product

The internet is filled with millions of business opportunities. Many of these opportunities are legitimate, but others are not. One of the opportunities that you may found online involves the buying of private label resell rights. Unfortunately, there are too many individuals who mistakenly believe that this business opportunity is a scam. The reality is that it is a real, legitimate way to make money.

If you are interested in purchasing the resell rights to a private label product, you will first have to find a product to purchase. There are a number of different products available; however, many of them are either for e-books or software programs. Once you have found a product that you would be interested in obtaining the resell rights to, you will then have to find a specific product to purchase. For instance, if you are interested in purchasing the resell rights to an e-book, you will have to find an individual who has their e-book resell rights available for sale. This can easily be done by using the internet.

Once you have found and fully examined an offer, you will need to purchase the resell rights. The amount of money you need to pay will all depend on the person who is selling the rights to their product. Resell rights typically cost a few hundred dollars. While this may seem like a fairly large investment, it is nothing compared to what many other business opportunities require. It is also important to note that you can easily recuperate the costs. This is because once you have obtained the resell rights to a product it is yours to alter and to sell. You can get some great free tips on private label products at www.plrtips.com where you can download a great 2 part audio course at no cost to you.

When it comes to selling a product, in which the resell rights were legally obtained for, many individuals do not know where to start. There are a number of different ways that you can go about selling a product, whether or not you created that product yourself. One of those ways involves the use of classified ads. If you are interested in using this method, you will want to learn how to make the most out of classified ads.

When many individuals think of classified ads, the local newspaper is what often comes to mind. Local newspaper classified ads are a great way to market and sell a product; however, they may not be as effective with software programs or e-books. This is because these types of products are most commonly marketed to internet users. Since internet users use the internet, it is important to do your marketing online. This can be done by using online classified ads.

With online classifieds, you will find that most are free to use. That is why online classifieds are a great way to market your private label product. Unlike many other advertising methods, they do not require any additional expenses. If you are interested in finding a free classified website, you can easily do so by performing a standard internet search. That search should produce a number of results. Those results should be links to online classified websites.

Your first impulse may be to place as many free advertisements as you can; however, you may want to rethink that thought. By taking the time to research the market with the best potential, you could save yourself time. For instance, many online classified websites only allow you to post local ads. This means that you must select a specific city for your advertisement to run. When doing so, you will want to pick cities that are not close to each other. This is because many residents not only search their local ads, but others as well. This will prevent your ad from appearing as spam.

As previously mentioned, you will find that a number of online classified websites are free to use; however, not all are. In your search, it is likely that you will come across classified websites that want you to pay them for running your advertisements. It is your decision as to whether or not you want to pay that expense, but it is important to remember that you can do the same thing, elsewhere, free of charge.

Private label resell rights are an amazing opportunity, but you need to know how to make that opportunity work. By keeping the above mentioned points in mind, you should be able to make money by selling a product that you didn’t even create.

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April 17, 2022
Stay at Home Moms: Make Money Selling Software Programs

There are millions of mothers who consider becoming stay at home moms. Unfortunately, many of those mothers do not take action. There are a number of different reasons for that, but the most important one is money. For some families, it is just impossible to survive on only one income; however, you do not have to. If you are interested in becoming a stay at home mom, you can do so while generating income at the same time. This can be done by acquiring the resell rights to a software program.

At any given time, there are a number of software developers and designers who are working on creating a new product. Once that product has been created, the selling process should begin. The problem that many software developers and designers face is that they do not know how to go about selling their products. Instead of taking the time to learn how, they rely on someone else to do the selling for them. If you think that this sounds like a commission based program, you are wrong.

Before allowing an individual, someone just like you, to sell their products, most software designers and developers require that their products be purchased. Instead of purchasing the whole product, you are purchasing the right to resell it. After that transaction has occurred, you can do just about whatever you want to the software program. This not only includes selling it, but altering it to become something more. In fact, many stay at home moms, who participate in this type of opportunity, decide to alter the software in some way. Doing so often allows them to claim the program as their own.

To make money from the software program, which you acquired the resell rights to; you will need to start selling that program. This selling is why this is the perfect opporunity for you and other stay at home moms. You can sell your software program at your own pace. In fact, you can do as much work or as little work as you wish. The decision is completely yours to make. However, it is important to remember that the more work you do, the more money you will make.

When it comes to selling private label software, the good news is that you have a number of different selling options. These options may include, but should not be limited to, the creation of a product website, the use of online auction websites, or the use of online classified ads. Like the business opportunity as a whole, these selling methods are ideal for those who are stay at home moms. Many of the above mentioned selling methods do not require a large amount of work. In fact, a few hours a week may be more than an enough time to get your website started, submit online classified ads, or start an auction on an online auction website.

If you are interested in further examining private label resell rights, you are encouraged to do so. There are a number of online resource guides that should be able to offer you assistance. In addition to these guides, you are urged to examine what other software sellers are offering. Doing so may enable you to estimate how much money you can make by reselling a private label software program.

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April 17, 2022
Retired? Make Money Selling Private Label Software Programs

Due to unexpected events and unforeseen circumstance, there are many retirees who need to return to work. For most, returning to work is vital to their ability to financially support themselves. Unfortunately, many retirees are limited on their ability to perform certain tasks, such as working long hour or lifting heavy materials. This leaves many retirees looking for additional ways to make money. If you are one of those individuals, you are urged to examine how you can make money selling software programs, ones that you didn’t even create.

If you are interested in selling software programs, especially ones that you do not have to create on your own, you need to find a product to sell. This can easily be done by searching for software designers or developers, especially those who are selling the resells rights to their products. In most cases, these individuals make most of their money when they are creating new products. This means that many professional software developers and designers do not have the time needed to market and sell all of their products; therefore, they place their product’s resell rights up for sale.

If you are able to invest a few hundred dollars, the average cost to purchase the resell rights, you may end up finding success with this popular, but unique business opportunity. Once you have officially obtained the resell rights to a software program, you should receive a detailed list of directions from the seller. This list often includes rules or restrictions that they have placed on their product. These restrictions may require you to alter the software program in a small way. In most cases, this alternation will allow you to then claim the product as your own, thus working out well for everyone involved.

After you are legally able to sell the software program, which you have obtained the resell rights to, you will have a number of different options. The selling options you choose should all depend on how much time and money you are able to put into this project. As previously mentioned, many retirees return to work because they are no longer are able to financially support themselves. If this is the case, you may be unable to afford expensive selling methods and advertising costs; however, there are a number of alternatives that you can use. These alternatives include the use of online classified ads and the creation of your own website.

Online classified ads are a great way to let the public know that you have a software program that is available for sale. The best part about these classified ads is that most are free. This means that you may not only be able to reach your target market, but actually make sales without spending dime. Although online classified ads are a great way to sell your software program, this selling method should be used in conjunction with other methods.

You should also be able to sell your newly acquired software program by creating your own website. Perhaps, the hardest part of this selling method is getting your website up and running, but after that it as easy as selling could be. Aftertime, you will find that customers will automatically make their way to your website. If you setup an online shopping cart, your product can sell when you are taking a nap, on vacation, or grocery shopping.

If buying the resell rights to private label software programs seems like an opportunity that you would like to be a part of, you are advised to act fast. Your retirement years should be some of the best. You should be able to enjoy those years without having to work. The quicker you get started on this amazing opportunity, the quicker you will make money, and the sooner you can start to fully enjoy your retirement.

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April 17, 2022
Make Money with Private Label E-Book Resell Rights

Have you ever wanted to write an e-book before? There are million of Americans who have thought about it. Many of those individuals are interested in writing an e-book due to their love for writing, but others are interested in making a profit. Unfortunately, to make a profit, you will not only have to write an e-book, but sell it. This can be a long and difficult task; however, that does not mean that you can’t make money by selling e-books. You can with something that is known as private label resell rights.

To obtain the private label resell rights to an e-book, you will need to find an opportunity. Online, it is likely that you will come across a number of different individuals who are selling the resell rights to their e-books. The fact that they are selling their rights does not necessarily mean that their work cannot sell or that it is poor in quality. In fact, many e-book authors just do not have the time to market their product to its targeted audience. However, if you do have the time and the knowledge, you could make a full or part-time living.

As previously mentioned, you will have to find an individual who is willing to sell their e-book resell rights to you. When searching for that individual and e-book, you are encouraged to be on the lookout for a number of different things. First, it is important to request samples or a copy of the e-book. The cost of obtaining the resell rights to a private label product, including an e-book, can be fairly high. Before agreeing to purchase the resale rights, you will need to make sure that the product will be marketable and in demand. If so, you can then proceed to strike a deal.

Finding an e-book author, that is selling their private label resell rights, is a fairly easy process. The hard part is finding buyers for the product that you are now responsible for selling. There are a number of different ways that you can try and sell an e-book. In addition to just using one selling methods, you may be able to find extra success by using a combination of them.

Perhaps, the best way to sell an e-book is to target the e-book’s intended audience. You may want to think about creating a simple webpage with your e-book information on it. This webpage will not only be picked up by search engines, but you can also provide links; this is where targeting your audience will come in. For instance, if you have an e-book on popular beauty tips, you may want to post on message boards that have a focus on personal care. There are a large number of online message boards that allow the posting of a signature. This signature may include the link to your e-book’s website.

In addition to using linking, you can also advertise the e-book with online classified ads. Online, there are literally an unlimited number of classified websites and many of them are free to use. Advertising the e-book that you have available for sale online, especially with classified ads, is a low-cost way to generate public interest. Local classifieds are also a good idea; however, many cost money. Whether you only use online classified ads, local classified ads, or both, your e-book should get the exposure that it needs to start selling.
Another way that you could sell the e-book is through an online auction website. On any given day, most online auction websites have over one million products listed. There is always a chance that your e-book could get lost in those items, but the chances are slim. On most occasions, your e-book will get purchased or it will at least get the exposure needed to generate interest.

All business opportunities, including the buying and selling of e-books, takes time to generate revenue. If you do not automatically see the results that you were looking for, with private label e-book resell rights, you are encouraged to give it time With that being said, you can still do whatever you wish, which may include moving on to another business opportunity.

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April 17, 2022
Indonesia firmly committed to eliminating lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem

Indonesia recently completed the last of its annual large-scale treatment for lymphatic filariasis (also known as elephantiasis or Penyakit Kaki Gajah) in Malaka District located in its southernmost province, East Nusa Tenggara. Unprecedented
progress by the National Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Programme has strongly placed the country on the path to achieving the elimination of lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem.

“We reached an estimated number of 40.7 million people living in the 118 high-risk districts during this month-long treatment campaign in October 2019” said Dr Anung Sugihantono, who recently retired as Director General of Diseases
Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health Indonesia. “Single doses of diethylcarbamazine citrate and albendazole facilitated by WHO were delivered to all eligible populations.”

In 2010, an estimated 125 million Indonesians were still at risk of the disease and required treatment.

But things changed considerably in 2015 when Indonesia mounted an annual national campaign to resolutely address transmission of the disease and to tackle the morbidity and disability associated with it. The results were apparent as early as 2017, with
remarkable progress.

In Indonesia, LF is considered a significant public health concern. In 2009, risk mapping identified a population of 124.5 million people needing treatment for LF. The country initiated a national level LF elimination campaign in 2015, addressing both
disease prevention and management.

“In 2017 and in just two years we managed to achieve 100% geographical coverage of all people requiring treatment” said Dr Sugihantono. “It meant achieving more than 78% epidemiological coverage – much higher than the generally recommended 65% to stop transmission.”

Transmission of lymphatic filariasis can be stopped through large-scale treatment (or mass drug administration – MDA) of entire at- risk communities with recommended medicines once a year. These medicines kill the microfilariae in an infected patient’s
blood preventing mosquitoes to transmit¹ the disease to others. Through mass treatment, the aim is to reduce the reservoir of microfilariae in the blood to a level insufficient to maintain transmission by the mosquito vector.

This strategy to interrupt transmission is the corner-stone of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF). Indonesia has been using the GPELF’s strategy since 2002 using a district or city
as its implementation unit.

In 2005, it listed the elimination of LF as a national priority for controlling infectious diseases and the medicines it has been using in large-scale treatment programmes are diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) and albendazole² which are
largely distributed by volunteer community health workers³.

“Community health volunteers are themselves members of the community and know how to reach people effectively to improve compliance” said Dr. Stefanus Bria Seran, the Regent of Malaka District, one of LF endemic district in Indonesia. “Besides ensuring every single person ingests the medicine given to them, these community workers help in disseminating information well before a large-scale treatment campaign and also assist in reporting activities related to each treatment campaign”.

Indonesia’s efforts to eliminate lymphatic filariasis began in the 1970s but faced numerous challenges including programme coordination in the many inhabited islands, conducting information, education and awareness programmes, lack of capacity and
insufficient medicines.

Furthermore, the situation in Indonesia is unusual than in many other countries endemic for lymphatic filariasis as the country is endemic for all three species of thread-like filarial worms – Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, and Wuchereria bancrofti –
that cause the disease. Most of the infections in Indonesia, however, are caused by B. malayi.

In the past, some of the factors that prevented access to the medicines (DEC and albendazole) were social stigmatization linked to the disease, the vast geography of the territory and challenges in reaching remote populations.

With an estimated population of 242 million, Indonesia is the world’s largest island nation and consists of approximately 17,000 islands, of which 5,000–6,000 are inhabited. It is the fourth most populated nation behind China, India, and the United
States.

Indonesia is endemic for many other neglected tropical diseases and an estimated 110 million Indonesians are believed to suffer from at least one neglected tropical disease (NTD), including lymphatic filariasis and soil-transmitted helminth infections.
Leptospirosis (not classified as NTD) is also widespread.

Indonesia is the only country of WHO’s South East Asia Region with endemic schistosomiasis. Like many other countries of the Region, it also faces recurrent threats of dengue outbreaks.

Global progress

The world has made significant progress towards the elimination of lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem.

Sixteen countries⁴ and one territory are now acknowledged by WHO to have achieved elimination of lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem.

Seven additional countries have successfully implemented recommended strategies, stopped large-scale treatment and are under surveillance to demonstrate that elimination has been achieved.

The disease

Lymphatic filariasis is caused by infection with parasitic worms living in the lymphatic system. The larval stages of the parasite (microfilaria) circulate in the blood and are transmitted from person to person by mosquitoes.

Infection involves asymptomatic, acute, and chronic conditions. Most infections are asymptomatic, showing no external signs while contributing to transmission of the parasite. Although asymptomatic, these infections still cause damage to the lymphatic
system and the kidneys and alter the body’s immune system.

When lymphatic filariasis develops into chronic conditions it leads to lymphoedema (tissue swelling) or elephantiasis (skin/tissue thickening) of limbs and hydrocele (scrotal swelling). Involvement of breasts and genital organs are common.

Manifestation of the disease after infection takes time and can result in an altered lymphatic system, causing abnormal enlargement of body parts, and leading to severe disability and social stigmatization of those affected.

¹Lymphatic filariasis is transmitted by different types of mosquitoes – e.g the Culex mosquito which widespread across urban and semi-urban areas; Anopheles, mainly found in rural areas; and, Aedes, mainly
in endemic islands in the Pacific.

²In 2017, WHO recommended an alternative three drug treatment to accelerate the global elimination of lymphatic filariasis. The treatment, known as IDA, involves a combination of ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine citrate and albendazole.
It is recommended annually in settings where its use is expected to have the greatest impact.

³Community health workers, also called ‘cadres’, are volunteers who form part of the communities they serve and work with local
communities to educate families. Their contribution in promoting health has been significant in the country.

⁴Cambodia, The Cook Islands, Egypt, Kiribati, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Niue, Palau, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Vanuatu, Viet Nam, Wallis and Futuna, and Yemen

Read More
https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/29-04-2020-indonesia-firmly-committed-to-eliminating-lymphatic-filariasis-as-a-public-health-problem

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May 9, 2020